In addition, there is currently little evidence to support a role for vitamin C in the management of patients with gout (123). Nutrients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). Owen R. Fonorow, Orthopath (Orthomolecular Naturopath) Only one large trial in more than 14,000 older men participating in the Physicians Health Study II (PHS II) reported on cardiovascular outcomes. Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension. (PubMed), 192. Good quality long-term trials are needed to examine whether the anti-hypertensive effect of vitamin C is sustained over time and eventually results in a reduced risk of cardiovascular events. 2012(3):Cd007176. Ashor AW, Werner AD, Lara J, Willis ND, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. 2014;50(7):1223-1231. Saag KG, Choi H. Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. A phase I study in nine patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer showed that millimolar concentrations of plasma vitamin C could be reached safely when administered in conjunction with the cancer chemotherapy drugs, gemcitabine and erlotinib (168). Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. 2016;6(2):243-250. 97. In humans, vitamin C concentration is about 15 to 20 times higher in the aqueous humorfluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyethan in plasma, suggesting that the vitamin may be playing an important role in the eye (107). (PubMed), 74. For some still unclear reasons, smoking has been associated with a lower risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy (93). However, none of these alleged adverse health effects have been confirmed in subsequent studies, and there is no reliable scientific evidence that doses of vitamin C up to 10 g/day in adults are toxic or detrimental to health. 1951;113:628-631. The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:248-260. 200. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. Alzheimer's Association. 2000;31(10):2287-2294. And the NCI couldn't afford to be seen as "kooky" or "fringy." Better to be just plain wrong. "Vitamin C" Vitamin C and Cancer - Dr. Linus Pauling - How To Live Longer and Feel Better - Vitamin C Dr. Linus Pauling and Dr. Abram HofferVitamin C, Vita. 98. In vitro experiments performed using 11 different cancer cell lines demonstrated that sensitivity to vitamin C correlated with the expression of catalase, an enzyme involved in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (172). (PubMed), 85. (PubMed), 168. A lower dose of 200 mg/day did not significantly affect blood lead concentration, although serum vitamin C concentrations were not different from those in the group who took 1,000 mg/day. Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is characterized by the buildup of plaque inside the arteries that supply blood to the heart (atherosclerosis). Micronutrient intake in relation to all-cause mortality in a prospective Danish cohort. The dosage of vitamin C was set too low, at one tenth the dosage recommended by the Linus Pauling protocol, and lysine was not provided. Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine - The Ezekiel Diet Files Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine by EzekielDiet.com Posted on Sep 22, 2021 Pauling's Vitamin C and Lysine dosage recommendations from his Unified Theory Lecture on Heart Disease. 2015;4(11). In: Harris JR, ed. Some people find them less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract than ascorbic acid. A cerebrovascular event, or stroke, can be classified as hemorrhagic or ischemic. Podmore ID, Griffiths HR, Herbert KE, Mistry N, Mistry P, Lunec J. Vitamin C exhibits pro-oxidant properties. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. He explained that two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling had given vitamin C a "bad name." In the 3 government's eyes, he was too vocal about its benefits. Arthritis Rheum. Although CSF vitamin C is maintained at concentrations several-fold higher than plasma vitamin C, the precise function of vitamin C in cognitive function and AD etiology is not yet fully understood (102). Effect of vitamins C and E on insulin resistance in diabetes: a meta-analysis study. 2010;29(3):215-217. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Three meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have reported an overall reduction in the risk of post-operative atrial fibrillation following administration of primarily oral vitamin C (140-142). McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, et al. 2015;20(2):210-223. Vitamin C also participates in redox recycling of other important antioxidants; for example, vitamin C is known to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidized form (see the article on Vitamin E). The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. The effect of antioxidant vitamins E and C on cognitive performance of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment in Isfahan, Iran: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the heart muscle's oxygen supply is restored might be an important contributor to myocardial damage occurring at reperfusion (133). Tower sells high-dose powdered vitamin C, lysine and proline-rich Lp (a) binding inhibitor drink mixes for cardiovascular disease as recommended by Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling. It is important for individuals with significantly elevated blood pressure not to rely on vitamin C supplementation alone to reduce their hypertension. Adults. Gao P, Zhang H, Dinavahi R, et al. 2006;27(11):2250-2257. Overall, an inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of NHL was observed. New York: Macel Dekker, Inc.; 1997:309-322. (PubMed), 65. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. With the latest RDA published in 2000, a tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin C was set for the first time (Table 4). (PubMed), 199. Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children. Gut. In contrast, observational studies reported lower plasma vitamin C concentrations in AD patients compared to cognitively healthy subjects (101)and found better cognitive function or lower risk of cognitive impairment with higher plasma vitamin C (100). Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. (PubMed), 67. Am Heart J. 2000;71(2):530-536. Eur J Cancer Prev. 3rd ed. Al-Khudairy L, Flowers N, Wheelhouse R, et al. Antioxidant vitamins and coronary heart disease risk: a pooled analysis of 9 cohorts. (PubMed), 45. Am J Clin Nutr. J Stroke. (PubMed), 18. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Age-related changes to the lens (thickening, loss of flexibility) and oxidative damage contribute to the formation of cataract, i.e., cloudiness or opacity in the lens that interferes with the clear focusing of images on the retina. Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. The confirming scientific experiments of Dr. Pauling were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (1990, Vol 87, pgs 6204-6207) and Dr. Pauling was . 2001;108(3):E55. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Annu Rev Nutr. Oncologist. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). In his Unified Theory, Linus Pauling often recommended 3,000 to 5,000 mg per day as an effective dose. If you wish to check foods for their vitamin C content, search USDA's FoodData Central. In the past 40 years, numerous placebo-controlled trials have examined the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the prevention and treatment of colds. (PubMed), 30. Conversely, there are case reports suggesting that supplemental vitamin C may lower blood concentrations of some medications, such as fluphenazine (the antipsychotic drug, Prolixin) and indinavir (the antiretroviral drug, Crixivan) (200). No association between dietary or supplemental intake of vitamin C and mortality was found after approximately 14 years of follow-up. Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. These contradictory findings indicate that further research is needed on potential interactions between antioxidant supplements and cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). In particular, a specific allele of the haptoglobin gene (Hp), namely Hp2, appears to be associated with an increased risk of diabetic vascular complications. An upper intake level of 2 g/day is recommended in order to prevent some adults from experiencing diarrhea and, Supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations, but whether an increase in urinary oxalate elevates the risk for. Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study. Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. (PubMed), 91. J Urol. This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). Johnston CS. JAMA. Individuals on anticoagulants should limit their vitamin C intake to <1 g/day and have their prothrombin time monitored by the clinician following their anticoagulant therapy (200). Stroke. Lp(a) is a substitute for ascorbate (Vitamin C). Although a primary source of dietary vitamin C, consumption of fruit and vegetablesassessed by food frequency questionnairewas not found to be associated with a lower risk of congestive heart failure (49). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Aspirin can impair vitamin C status if taken frequently (201). How to Live Longer and Feel Better. Lee SH, Oe T, Blair IA. 2014;53(5):1255-1262. Nutr Rev. Vitamin C-induced decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides to endogenous genotoxins. 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